Preferred Label : Glycolysis Pathway;
Alternative definition : BIOCARTA: In glycolysis, the six-carbon sugar glucose is oxidized and split in two
halves, to create two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons each) from each molecule of
glucose. Along the way, the cell extracts a relatively small amount of energy from
glucose in the form of ATP, 2 ATP molecules collected for each glucose molecule that
starts down the glycolytic path. The pyruvate produced has one of three metabolic
fates, to either become acetyl-CoA, ethanol, or lactate. When oxygen is available,
the pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the Krebs Cycle, where the acetyl-CoA
will be completely oxidized and generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Fermentation
is much less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation in making ATP, creating only
2 ATP per glucose while oxidative phosphorylation creates 36 ATP per glucose in mammalian
cells. Oxidative phosphorylation does not work in the absence of oxygen, however,
and in the absence of oxygen glycolysis is forced to a halt due to a lack of NAD ,
unless NAD is regenerated through fermentation. In mammalian muscle, strenuous exertion
can create conditions in which oxygen is consumed faster than blood can provide it,
forcing the muscle to use fermentation and create lactic acid; it is the lactic acid
that makes your muscles sore after a workout. There are ten enzymes that catalyze
the steps in glycolysis that convert glucose into pyruvate, and the entire pathway
is located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The activity of the pathway is regulated
at key steps to ensure that glucose consumption and energy production match the needs
of the cell. The steps along the pathway each involve a change in the free energy
of the products and reactants, and as long as the overall change in free energy is
negative, the reaction continues forward, like water flowing down hill to its lowest
energy point. The key steps in the regulation of glycolysis, or any pathway, are those
that catalyze the rate-limiting, irreversible steps along the pathway. In glycolysis
in mammals, the key regulatory enzyme is phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes the
rate-limiting committed step. Phosphofructokinase is activated by AMP and inhibited
by ATP, among other regulatory mechanisms. Thus, when ATP is low (and AMP is high),
phosphofructokinase will be activated and generate more ATP. Similarly, when ATP is
abundant, phosphofructokinase will be inhibited to prevent wasting glucose on making
energy when it is not needed. Failure to provide energy can have lethal consequences
for cells - the absence of oxygen caused by a stroke or a heart attack that prevents
ATP generation can have lethal consequences for the cells involved. Cancer cells often
generate energy through glycolytic fermentation more than oxidative phosphorylation,
suggesting that manipulation of metabolism may provide a therapeutic strategy. Well
known glycolytic enzymes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may play
roles in other cellular processes such as apoptosis. (This definition may be outdated
- see the DesignNote.);
NCIt note : The BIOCARTA Definition (ALT_DEFINITION) for this pathway concept was provided by
BioCarta. This property was not created by, nor is it maintained by the NCI Thesaurus
staff. Additionally, BioCarta is no longer updating its pathway data; thus, the BIOCARTA
Definition might be outdated or inaccurate. Please see the Terms and Conditions for
Use at http://www.biocarta.com/.;
Biocarta ID : h_glycolysisPathway;
Origin ID : C39095;
UMLS CUI : C1512233;
Semantic type(s)
- has_gene_product_element
- pathway_has_gene_element
