Rwanda's National Office of Population (ONAPO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, has recently completed a survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of agricultural workers and agricultural extension agents concerning fertility. The survey was also intended to identify the needs felt by the population regarding the health, social, and economic infrastructure and to formulate goals for a project to integrate population and agricultural development projects. The survey was conducted in 5 communes of Gitarama Prefecture. 43% of the 228 respondents had at least 2 children and 27% had 6 or more. The average respondent had 3.5 children. 33% of respondents were single and did not report any children. 81% of respondents married before age 25. The average number of children for households in the area was 7.20, but the number considered ideal or desirable was only slightly over 4. Intermediate sized families with 3-6 members with many small children not yet able to work appeared to have the greatest difficulty in satisfying their needs. 60% of respondents reported that they were unable to save any funds and 64% that their lands were insufficient to provide food self-sufficiency. 60.9% of respondents stated that the socioeconomic, health, and cultural services and facilities at their disposal were sufficient or satisfactory. The health services were most often seen as inadequate. 3/4 of the agricultural extension agents were satisfied with the means of transportation they used to visit the population. The results of focus group interviews with a wide variety of participants including men and women, young and old, educated and illiterate, have indicated that perceptions of the advantages of large families are slowly changing.