Alternative definition : KEGG: Five distinct stages have been proposed in the evolution of melanoma on the
basis of histological criteria: common acquired and congenital nevi without dysplastic
changes; dysplastic nevi with structural and architectural atypia; radial-growth phase
(RGP) melanoma; vertical-growth phase (VGP) melanoma; and metastatic melanoma. Oncogenic
NRAS mutations activate both effector pathways Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt. The Raf-MEK-ERK
pathway may also be activated via mutations in the BRAF gene. The PI3K-Akt pathway
may be activated through loss or mutation of the inhibitory tumor suppressor gene
PTEN. These mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout
tumor progression. Moreover, melanoma development is strongly associated with inactivation
of the p16INK4a/CDK4,6/pRb and p14ARF/HMD2/p53 tumor suppressor pathways. The vertical-growth
phase and metastatic melanoma are notable for striking changes in the control of cell
adhesion. Recently, amplification of the MITF gene was demonstrated in 10% of primary
melanomas and 20% of metastatic melanomas, suggesting that MITF is a melanoma oncogene.;